Enfermedades por depósito lisosomal: diagnóstico a partir de lesiones cutáneas / Lysosomal storage diseases, diagnosis from skin lesions

Las enfermedades por depósito lisosomal (EDL) son un grupo heterogéneo de más de 40 dolencias genéticas, debidas a la deficiencia de diversas enzimas encargadas de metabolizar sustancias dentrode los lisosomas. Estas macromoléculas se depositan dentro de las organelas de múltiples órganos y dan lugar a diversos signos y síntomas.Muchas de estas enfermedades tienen manifestaciones cutáneas, e incluso en algunas oportunidades es el dermatólogo quien sospecha el diagnóstico a partir de las lesiones en piel.En el presente trabajo se describen 8 pacientes con EDL, diagnosticados en nuestro servicio entre 2009 y 2010, en los cuales las lesiones en piel fueron la clave para arribar al diagnóstico.Cinco pacientes presentaban enfermedad de Fabry (un varón y 4 mujeres), uno mucopolisacaridosis 2 (sexo masculino), uno beta-manosidosis (sexo masculino) y el último galactosialidosis (sexo femenino).Los angioqueratomas fueron la manifestación cutánea más frecuente, y la clave diagnóstica en los pacientes con Fabry, el paciente con manosidosis y la paciente con galactosialidosis, mientras que la lesión en piel que llevó a sospechar mucopolisacaridosis 2 fueron manchas mongólicas aberrantes, algunas lenticulares, que comprometían el tronco.En cuatro pacientes el diagnóstico se confirmó por estudios enzimáticos en gota de sangre en papel de filtro, leucocitos y/u orina. En cinco pacientes (uno de los cuales ya había sido diagnosticado deforma bioquímica) se realizó estudio molecular. En todos los pacientes se hicieron los estudios complementarios necesarios para evaluar extensión del compromiso extracutáneo y necesidad de tratamientoespecífico (en aquellos pacientes en los cuales su enfermedad de base dispone de terapia de reemplazo enzimático). En uno de los pacientes con Fabry se inició terapia específica.El interés de nuestro trabajo radica en mostrar distintas EDL en las cuales el rol del dermatólogo fue fundamental para arribar al diagnóstico, resaltando..

Lysosomal-storage disorders are a group of more than 40 heterogeneous hereditary diseases dueto the deficiency of various lysosomal enzymes, in charge of the metabolization of macromolecules,with accumulation of the undigested substances inside those organelles througout severalorgans, deriving in the multiple symptoms and signs of these diseases.A great number of these diseases may have cutaneous lesions, and in many cases the dermatologistmay be the one to suggest the diagnosis.We describe eight patients with lisosomal storage diseases diagnosed at our hospital during 2009and 2010, on whom the cutaneous lesions were the clue to the diagnosis. Five patients were diagnosed as Fabry´s disease (1 male and 4 females), one as mucopolisaccharidosis2 (male), one as mannosidosis (male) and the last one as galactosyalidosis (female). Angiokeratomaswhere the most frequent cutaneous manifestation, and the key to the diagnosis inFabry’s, beta mannosidosis and galactosyalidosis, while aberrant and lenticular mongolian spotson the trunk led us to the diagnosis of mucopolissacharidosis 2.On four patients the diagnosis was confirmed by biochemical work-up. On five patients (one ofthem had already been confirmed with biochemistry) a genetic study was also performed.On all the patients studies where performed to evaluate the extension of the systemic disease andthe need of a specific treatment (for those diseases where it is available). One of the patients withFabry´s disease started the treatment soon after the diagnosis.We would like to emphasize the fundamental role of the dermatologist in diagnosing these diseases,stressing not only the academic importance of these rare diseases but also the possibility ofstarting in many of them specific enzyme replacement treatment.

Prevalência da doença de fabry em pacientes portadores de doençarenal crônica submetidos à hemodiálise em Natal – RN / Prevalence of fabry disease in patients with chronic kidney disease onhemodialysis in Natal – RN, Brazil

Introdução: A Doença de Fabry é uma doença genética de depósito lisossômico caracterizada pela deficiência da enzima α-galactosidase A (ceramidatrihexosidase). Isso gera acúmulo de globotriaosilceramida (GL-3) no endotélio vascular, podendo ocasionar complicações renais, cardíacas ecerebrovasculares. Diante da terapia de reposição enzimática, torna-se essencial o diagnóstico desta doença, o que pode ser conseguido através de umrastreamento de pacientes em hemodiálise. Objetivos: O presente estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência da doença em pacientes portadores dedoença renal crônica em hemodiálise na cidade de Natal – RN, avaliando as principais co-morbidades associadas. Métodos: Foram selecionadosindivíduos do sexo masculino em hemodiálise, entre 18 e 65 anos, excluindo-se pacientes cuja etiologia da falência renal era: diabetes mellitus, lupuseritematoso sistêmico, nefropatia obstrutiva, pielonefrite crônica e doença renal policística. Uma amostra sanguínea foi coletada para avaliação da atividadeda α-galactosidase A em papel de filtro. Os pacientes com valores inferiores a 2,5μmol/L/h tiveram a atividade enzimática testada em leucócitos eresponderam a um questionário sobre as manifestações clínicas relacionadas. Resultados: Dos 191 pacientes, 16 (8,3%) cursaram com atividadeenzimática em papel de filtro inferior a 2,5μmol/L/h. Apenas um paciente (0,52%) apresentou dosagem da atividade enzimática em leucócitos inferior aovalor da normalidade, sendo compatível com Doença de Fabry. Não foram encontradas as manifestações típicas da doença neste paciente. Conclusão:Observou-se uma prevalência da Doença de Fabry de 0,52% dentre os pacientes estudados nos centros de hemodiálise de Natal – RN no ano de 2006.

Introduction: Fabry Disease is a genetic illness of lisosomic deposition characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (ceramidetrihexosidase), generating an accumulation of globotriaosilceramide (GL-3) in the vascular endothelium, capable of leading to renal, cardiac andcerebrovascular complications. Faced with the therapeutic possibility of enzymatic supplementation, the diagnosis of this disease becomes essential, andcan be achieved through the screening of hemodialysis patients. Aims: The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of Fabry Disease in patientswith chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, evaluating the main associated comorbidities.Methods: The sample consisted of male subjects between 18 and 65 years of age, undergoing hemodialysis, excluding patients whose etiology of renalfailure was diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, obstructive nephropathy, chronic pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidney disease. A blood samplewas collected for an evaluation of alpha-galactosidase A activity in filter paper. Patients with values inferior to 2.5 μmol/L/h had their enzymatic activity testedin leukocytes, and a questionnaire about related clinical manifestations was applied. Results: From 191 patients, 16 (8.3%) had an enzymatic activity infilter paper inferior to 2.5 μmol/L/h. Only one patient (0.52%) exhibited a level of enzymatic activity in leukocytes inferior to the normal value, compatible withFabry Disease. The typical manifestations of the disease were not found in this case. Conclusion: A prevalence of Fabry Disease of 0.52% was observedamong patients studied in hemodialysis centers in Natal in 2006.

Fabry's disease: a case report and review of literatures reported in Korea

Fabry's disease is a rare, X-linked disorder of the glycosphingolipid metabolism, in which a partial or total deficiency of a lysosomal alpha(alpha)-galactosidase results in the progressive accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids with terminal alpha galactose moieties (i.e., cerebroside di- and trihexoside) in most body fluids and tissues. Accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids occurs within the lysosomes of endothelial, perithelial, and smooth muscle cells of the myocardial and renal systems; to a lesser extent in reticuloendothelial and connective cells of the cornea; and in ganglion and perineural cells of the autonomic nervous system. In Korea, 7 cases of Fabry's disease have been reported. A 29-year-old man with fever and headache had typical skin findings and a family history of Fabry's disease, and it was confirmed through renal biopsy and enzyme assay for alpha-galactosidase. We report a case of Fabry's disease with a review of the literatures reported in Korea.